Civil Projects

Introduction The topic of water quality focuses on the presence of foreign substances in water and their effect on people or the aquatic environment. Water of good quality for one purpose may be considered to be of poor quality for some other uses. For example water suitable for swimming may not be of good enough for drinking. But even drinking water may not be suitable for certain industrial purposes that require pure water. However it is necessary to determine what substance are ¡n the water and in what concentrations they are present. Finally, some standards against which to compare the result of the water quality analysis and thereby judge the suitability of the water for a particular use are needed. Water has a remarkable tendency to dissolve other substances. Because of this it is rarely found in the nature in a pure condition. Even water in a mountain stream, far from civilization, contains some natural impurities in solution and suspension. The changes in water q...

General The water which gets stored in the ground water reservoir through infiltration, percolation etc. is known as underground water. This water is generally pure, because it undergoes natural filtration during the percolation through soil pores. More over these waters are less likely to be contaminated by bacteria. However they are generally rich in dissolved salt, minerals, gases etc. Sometimes the ground water is brought to the surface by some natural source like springs, and sometimes these waters a; tapped by artificial means by constructing wells, infiltration galleries etc. Occurrence of Ground water All the materials of variable porosity near the upper portion of the earth’s crust are places of the potential storage for ground water. This storage of ground water is sometimes referred to as the Ground water Reservoir. . The possibility of occurrence of ground water mainly depends upon two properties of the underground soil, they are; Porosity Permeability ...

Introduction After estimating the water requirement for a proposed water supply scheme, the planners must search for the water resources which are able to supply the required amount of water. If the available sources near to the scheme (place where the water is needed) Is of sufficient or suitable, planners should search for sources at far distances and provide arrangement for bringing water from there. Classification of Sources of Water The various sources of water available on the earth can be classified in to following two categories. Category 1 »»»  Surface Sources Category 2 »»»  Sub-Surface Sources (Underground Sources) Surface Sources Surface Sources are those Sources of water in which the water flows over the surface of the earth or accumulated on the surface of the earth and is thus directly available for water supplies. Following are the different types of the surface sources. Ponds and Lakes Streams and Rivers Storage Reservoirs Oceans Ponds and L...

The Consumptive Pattern throughout the Day Annual average demand is not sufficient for the design of various component of a water supply scheme. There are wide variations in the use of water in different season, in different months of the year, ¡n different days of the months, in different hours of the day. The consumptive patterns of water used will produce hourly variations in the demand. in the absence of actual field data, the following pattern of consumption may be assumed Until data becomes available: The daily demand varies throughout the day with peak demands in early morning and late afternoon. Maximum hourly consumption is generally taken as 150% of the days normal consumption rate. Maximum hourly consumption = 1.5 x average hourly consumption Provision for Growth in Population When estimating the population figures for a water supply scheme, the provisions have to be made for the future growth the population, as calculated by the equation given below. Design ...

Water Water Is a commonly available chemical substance on earth, which is essential for all known forms of life, In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth’s surface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water.b1ow ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air, and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth’s water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. Clean, fresh drinking water is essential to human and other life forms . Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the ‘last decades in almost every part of the world. However, so...

Water has always played a prominent role in human civilization. When people first began settling in one place and growing crops for sustenance, it was invariably near water sources like rivers, lakes, or groundwater springs. Water is regarded as commonplace because it is the most plentiful liquid on earth. and for decades people used water as though there. Supply would never fall. Water may be common place but useful water is not always readily available in many parts of the world today. Drinking water means water for human consumption and hygiene. Drinking water can come from both surface water and ground water. People needs Water for Drinking Preparing food Bathing Cleaning and a variety of other tasks The water sources used for supplying water were not always clean however and treating drinking water to improve smell taste, clarity, or to remove disease-causing pathogens has occurred in one form or another throughout recorded history. The safety and accessibility ...

Water and Wastewater Engineering Water Quality  Introduction The topic of water quality focuses on the presence of foreign substances in water and their effect on people or the aquatic environment. Water of good quality for one purpose may be considered to be of poor quality for some other uses. For example water suitable for swimming may not be of good enough for drinking, But even drinking water may not be suitable for certain industrial purposes that require pure water. However it Is necessary to determine what substance are in the water and In what concentrations they are present. Finally, some standards against which to compare the result of the water quality analysis and thereby judge the suitability of the water for a particular use are needed. . Water has a remarkable tendency to dissolve other substances. Because of this it Is rarely found in the nature in a pure condition. Even water In a mountain stream, far from civilization, contains some natural impurities in ...